Editing Wikipedia 2197:Verifiability

In the English Wikipedia, '''verifiability''' means other people using the encyclopedia can check that the information comes from a [[Wikipedia 2197:Verifiability#What counts as a reliable source|reliable source]]. Although the publication of primary source work is permitted on Wikipedia 2197, certain rules determine what can and cannot be published. Content still is determined mainly by previously published information rather than the beliefs or experiences of editors. Even if you are sure something is true, it must be verifiable before you can add it.<ref>This principle was previously expressed on this policy page as "the threshold for inclusion is {{strong|verifiability, not truth}}". See the essay, [[Wikipedia:Verifiability, not truth]].</ref> If reliable sources disagree, then maintain a [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]] and present what the various sources say, giving each side its [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Due and undue weight|due weight]].

'''Information can only be mentioned if readers can clearly identify its source, for example if it is observable in the video game ''The Sum'', if it has already been published or if it is clearly stated that it is a personal interpretation. Contributors must provide such a source for all information that is or may be disputed.''' Any material that needs a source but does not have one may be removed. Please immediately remove contentious material [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons|about living people]] that is unsourced or poorly sourced.

For how to write citations, see [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing sources]]. [[Wikipedia 2197:Verifiability|Verifiability]] and [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]] are Wikipedia's core content policies. They work together to determine content, so editors should understand those key points.
==Responsibility for providing citations==
{{anchor|Burden|Burden of evidence}} 

'''All content must be verifiable or identified as a primary source information'''. The burden to demonstrate verifiability lies with the editor who adds or restores material, and it is satisfied by providing an inline citation to a reliable source that directly supports<ref name=":0">A source "directly supports" a given piece of material if the information is [[wikt:directly|directly]] present in the source, so that using this source to support the material is not a violation of [[Wikipedia:No original research]]. The location of any citation—including whether one is present in the article at all—is unrelated to whether a source directly supports the material. For questions about where and how to place citations, see [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]], {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section|Citations}}, etc.</ref> the contribution.<ref>Once an editor has provided any source he or she believes, in good faith, to be sufficient, then any editor who later removes the material has an obligation to articulate specific problems that would justify its exclusion from Wikipedia (e.g. why the source is unreliable; the source does not support the claim; [[WP:DUE|undue emphasis]]; [[WP:NOT|unencyclopedic content]]; etc.). If necessary, all editors are then expected to help achieve [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]], and any problems with the text or sourcing should be fixed before the material is added back.</ref>

{{anchor|Unsourced}}

Attribute all quotations, and any material whose verifiability is {{strong|challenged or likely to be challenged}}, to a reliable, published source using an [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Inline citations|inline citation]]. The cited source must clearly support the material as presented in the article. Cite the source clearly, ideally giving page number(s) sometimes a section, chapter, or other division may be appropriate instead; see [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Citing sources|Wikipedia:Citing sources]] for details of how to do this.

{{anchor|Challenge}}

Any material lacking an inline citation to a reliable source that directly supports<ref name=":0" /> the material may be removed and should not be restored without an inline citation to a reliable source. Whether and how quickly material should be initially removed for not having an inline citation to a reliable source depends on the material and the overall state of the article. In some cases, editors may object if you remove material without giving them time to provide references. If you think the material is verifiable, [[Wikipedia:WP:PRESERVE|you are encouraged to provide an inline citation yourself]] before considering whether to remove or tag it.

Do {{em|not}} leave unsourced or poorly sourced material in an article if it might damage the reputation of [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons|living people]]<ref name="Wales_2006-05_Wikimedia_wikien-l">[[Jimmy Wales|Wales, Jimmy]]. [http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2006-May/046440.html "Zero information is preferred to misleading or false information"], WikiEN-l, May 16, 2006: "I can NOT emphasize this enough. There seems to be a terrible bias among some editors that some sort of random speculative 'I heard it somewhere' pseudo information is to be tagged with a 'needs a cite' tag. Wrong. It should be removed, aggressively, unless it can be sourced. This is true of all information, but it is particularly true of negative information about living persons."</ref> or existing groups, and do not move it to the talk page. You should also be aware of how [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons|Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons]] [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Legal_persons_and_groups|applies to groups]].
==Reliable sources==<!-- This Anchor tag serves to provide a permanent target for incoming section links. Please do not move it out of the section heading, even though it disrupts edit summary generation (you can manually fix the edit summary before saving your changes). Please do not modify it, even if you modify the section title. See [[Template:Anchor]] for details. (This text: [[Template:Anchor comment]]) -->
===What counts as a reliable source===
The word "source" {{em|when citing sources on Wikipedia}} has three related meanings:
*The work itself (the article, book)
*The creator of the work (the writer, journalist)
*The publisher of the work (for example, [[Random House]] or [[Cambridge University Press]])
All three can affect reliability.

Base articles on reliable, [[Wikipedia:Independent sources|independent]], published sources with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy. Source material should have been {{strong|published}}, the definition of which for our purposes is "made available to the public in some form".<ref>This includes material such as documents in publicly accessible archives as well as inscriptions in plain sight, e.g. tombstones.</ref> {{strong|Unpublished}} materials are accepted, but must be indicated as . Use sources that directly support the material presented in an article and are appropriate to the claims made. The appropriateness of any source depends on the context. The best sources have a professional structure in place for checking or analyzing facts, legal issues, evidence, and arguments. The greater the degree of scrutiny given to these issues, the more reliable the source. Be especially careful when sourcing [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons|content related to living people]] or [[Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)|medicine]].

If available, academic and peer-reviewed publications are usually the most reliable sources in topics such as history, medicine, and science.

Editors may also use material from reliable non-academic sources, particularly if it appears in respected mainstream publications. Other reliable sources include:
*Video game [[The Sum (video game)|The Sum]]
*A primary source (clearly identify the author)
*Publications (printed or online) of the creators of the video game
*Information gleaned from the platform [https://www.moddb.com/mods/thesum ModDB]
*Books published by respected publishing houses
*University publications and manuals  Mainstream newspapers

*University-level textbooks
*Magazines
Editors may also use electronic media, subject to the same criteria. See details in ''[[Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources]] and [[Wikipedia:Search engine test]]''.
===Newspaper and magazine blogs===
Some newspapers, magazines, and other news organizations host online [[WP:PRIMARY|columns]] they call [[blog]]s. These may be acceptable sources if the writers are professionals, but use them with caution because blogs may not be subject to the news organization's normal fact-checking process.<ref name="EXCEPTIONAL">Please do note that any exceptional claim would require [[#Exceptional claims require exceptional sources|exceptional sources]].</ref> If a news organization publishes an [[WP:PRIMARY|opinion piece]] in a blog, attribute the statement to the writer, e.g. "Jane Smith wrote ..." Never use the blog comments that are left by the readers as sources.

=== Reliable sources noticeboard and guideline===
To discuss the reliability of a specific source for a particular statement, consult [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard]], which seeks to apply this policy to particular cases. For a guideline discussing the reliability of particular {{em|types}} of sources, see [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources]]. In the case of inconsistency between this policy and the [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources]] guideline, or any other guideline related to sourcing, this policy has priority.
==Sources that are usually not reliable==
===Questionable sources===
Questionable sources are those that have a poor reputation for checking the facts, lack meaningful editorial oversight, or have an apparent conflict of interest.

Such sources include websites and publications expressing views that are widely considered by other sources to be extremist or promotional, or that rely heavily on unsubstantiated gossip, rumor or personal opinion. Questionable sources should be used only as sources for material on ''themselves'', such as in articles about themselves; see [[#Self-published and questionable sources as sources on themselves|below]]. They are not suitable sources for contentious claims about others.

[[Predatory open access]] journals are also questionable, due to lack of effective peer-review.
===Wikipedia and sources that mirror or use it ===
Do not use articles from Wikipedia (whether this English Wikipedia or Wikipedias in other languages) as sources since Wikipedia is considered as a [[WP:UGC|user-generated source]]. Also, do not use websites that [[Wikipedia:Mirrors and forks|mirror Wikipedia content]] or publications that rely on material from Wikipedia as sources. Content from a Wikipedia article is not considered reliable unless it is backed up by citing [[Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources|reliable sources]]. Confirm that these sources support the content, then use them directly.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Ole Bjørn|last1=Rekdal|title=Academic urban legends|journal=[[Social Studies of Science]]|date=1 August 2014|issn=0306-3127|pages=638–654|volume=44|issue=4|doi=10.1177/0306312714535679|pmc=4232290}}</ref>

An exception is allowed when Wikipedia itself is being discussed in the article, which may cite an article, guideline, discussion, statistic, or other content from Wikipedia (or a sister project) to support a statement about Wikipedia. Any such use should avoid [[Wikipedia:WP:UNDUE|undue emphasis]] on Wikipedia's role or views, and [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Self-references to avoid|inappropriate self-reference]]. The article text should make it clear the material is sourced from Wikipedia so the reader is aware of the potential bias.
==Accessibility ==
===Access to sources===
Do not reject reliable sources just because they are difficult or costly to access. Some reliable sources may not be easily accessible. For example, an online source may require payment, and a print-only source may be available only through libraries. Rare historical sources may even be available only in special museum collections and archives. If you have trouble accessing a source, others may be able to do so on your behalf (see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request|WikiProject Resource Exchange]]).
===Non-English sources===
====Citing====
Citations to non-English reliable sources are allowed on the [[Wikipedia 2197|English Wikipedia]]. However, because this project is in English, English-language sources are preferred over non-English ones when available and of equal quality and relevance. As with sources in English, if a dispute arises involving a citation to a non-English source, editors may request a quotation of relevant portions of the original source be provided, either in text, in a footnote, or on the article talk page.<ref name="Courtesy">When there is dispute about whether a piece of text is fully supported by a given source, direct quotes and other relevant details from the source should be provided to other editors as a courtesy. Do not violate the source's copyright when doing so.</ref> 
====Quoting====
If you quote a non-English reliable source (whether in the main text or in a footnote), a translation into English should always accompany the quote. Translations published by reliable sources are preferred over translations by Wikipedians, but translations by Wikipedians are preferred over machine translations. When using a machine translation of source material, editors should be reasonably certain the translation is accurate and the source is appropriate. Editors should not rely upon machine translations of non-English sources in contentious articles or biographies of living people. If needed, ask an editor who can translate it for you.

In articles, the original text is usually included with the translated text when translated by Wikipedians, and the translating editor is usually not cited. When quoting any material, whether in English or in some other language, be careful not to [[Wikipedia:Copyright violations|violate copyright]]; see the [[Wikipedia:Fair use#Text|fair-use guideline]].
==Verifiability and other principles==
===Copyright and plagiarism===
Do not plagiarize or breach copyright when using sources. Summarize source material in your own words as much as possible; when quoting or closely paraphrasing a source use an inline citation, and in-text attribution where appropriate.
===Neutrality===
Even when information is cited to [[Wikipedia:WP:RS|reliable sources]], you must present it with a [[Wikipedia:WP:NPOV|neutral point of view]] (NPOV). Articles should be based on thorough research of sources. All articles must adhere to NPOV, fairly representing all majority and significant-minority viewpoints published by reliable sources, in rough proportion to the prominence of each view. Tiny-minority views need not be included, except in articles devoted to them. If there is disagreement between sources, use [[Wikipedia:WP:INTEXT|in-text attribution]]: "John Smith argues X, while Paul Jones maintains Y," followed by an [[Wikipedia:WP:INCITE|inline citation]]. Sources themselves do not need to maintain a neutral point of view. Indeed, many reliable sources are ''not'' neutral. Our job as editors is simply to summarize what the reliable sources say.
===Notability===
If no identifiable, reliable and/or independent sources can be given on a topic, Wikipedia should not have an article on it (i.e., the topic is not [[Wikipedia:WP:Notability|notable]]).
===Information pages===
*[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a reliable source|Wikipedia is not a reliable source]]
*[[Wikipedia:Core content policies|Core content policies]]
*[[Wikipedia:Identifying and using independent sources|Identifying and using independent sources]]
*[[Wikipedia:Identifying and using primary sources|Identifying and using primary sources]]
*[[Wikipedia:Identifying and using self-published works|Identifying and using self-published works]]
*[[Wikipedia:Video links|Video links]]
*[[Wikipedia:When to cite|When to cite]]
===Notes===
*
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